taVNS Combined With TENS on Motor Function in Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: 1. aged 55 - 75 years old; 2. diagnosed with stroke confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography for more than 6 months; 3. had volitional control of the non-paretic arm and at least minimal antigravity movement in the paretic shoulder; 4. had at least 5 degrees of wrist extension in the antigravity position; 5. be able to communicate Exclusion Criteria: 1. had neurological disease other than stroke, e.g., Parkinson's disease or dementia; 2. ongoing healthy condition, e.g., angina pectoris, pain, or arthritis; 3. had any contraindications of taVNS (metal implants in the brain, history of seizure)