Effects of Cranberry on Gut and Metabolic Health

Inclusion Criteria: * body mass index between 25 and 40 kg/m2 * at least one of the following criteria: fasting plasma insulin \>60 pmol/L, fasting glycemia between 5.5 and 6.9 mmol/L, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 5.7- 6.4% and/or fasting triglyceride \>1.35 mmol/L. Exclusion Criteria: * to have aversion to cranberry products * regularly drinking alcohol (\>2 glasses/day) * having a significant change in body weight in the past 3 months (±5% of their body weight) due to bariatric surgery or other conditions * taking medication which may affect the study outcomes (i.e. antidiabetic and/or cholesterol or lipid-lowering medications and/or glucocorticosteroid in supraphysiological doses and/or anti-obesity medications) * taking regular probiotics and prebiotics (including fruit/berry polyphenol supplements) in the past 3 months * having eating disorders * had undergone major surgery 3 months prior to the study or if they had one planned * if they had intestinal malabsorption, cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease * being pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or breastfeeding.