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🗺️ Disease Atlas · Cancer or benign tumor

osteosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. It usually involves bones and less frequently extraosseous sites. It often involves the long bones (particularly distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus). Pain with or without a palpable mass is the most frequent clinical symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the l…

🔔 Follow weekly
🧬7218genes / proteins with evidence
💊141drugs and clinical candidates
🧪12+recruiting trials worldwide
✅4approved
📈16phase 3
🧬

Understand osteosarcoma

Cancer · Cells that grow out of control
🎓 Learn more

What it is

There are three types of bone cancer:

Osteosarcoma - occurs most often between ages 10 and 19. It is more common in the knee and upper arm.

Chondrosarcoma - starts in cartilage, usually after age 40

From MedlinePlus: Bone Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) ↗

🧬 Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

❓ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

🫀 What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

🧱 Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

🚀 What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for osteosarcoma itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on osteosarcoma stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands — every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens osteosarcoma.

🎯

Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.79
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.74
RB1 RB transcriptional corepressor 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.72
RECQL4 RecQ like helicase 4PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.58
LPAR6 lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.52
SQSTM1 sequestosome 1PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.50
ATRX ATRX chromatin remodelerPROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.48
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.48
IDH2 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2PROTACsmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.46
SMARCAL1 SNF2 related chromatin remodeling annealing helicase 1PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.45
ZFHX3 zinc finger homeobox 3PROTAC🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.44
NF1 neurofibromin 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
IDH1 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.43
TOP2A DNA topoisomerase II alphaPROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.42
PTCH1 patched 1PROTACantibodysmall molecule🧊 AlphaFold structure ↗ 0.42

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to osteosarcoma, by how far it has got
Approved · 4
Leucovorin CalciumApproved
LevoleucovorinApproved
Levoleucovorin CalciumApproved
MifamurtideNucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 otherApproved
In phase 2 / 3 · 20
BleomycinPhase 3
CisplatinPhase 3
CyclophosphamidePhase 3
DactinomycinPhase 3
Dexrazoxane HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase II inhibitorPhase 3
Dinutuximab BetaPhase 3
Show all 20
DocetaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 3
DoxorubicinDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 3
Doxorubicin HydrochlorideDNA topoisomerase II alpha inhibitorPhase 3
EtoposideDNA topoisomerase II inhibitorPhase 3
FilgrastimGranulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor agonistPhase 3
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) …Phase 3
IfosfamidePhase 3
MethotrexateDihydrofolate reductase inhibitorPhase 3
Peginterferon Alfa-2BInterferon alpha/beta receptor agonistPhase 3
Zoledronic AcidFarnesyl diphosphate synthase inhibitorPhase 3
CabozantinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Hepatocyte growth factor recepto…Phase 2/3
LobaplatinPhase 2/3
RivoceranibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitorPhase 2/3
AbemaciclibCyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor; Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitorPhase 2
Early trials · 20
Anti-Gd2 Monoclonal Antibody 3F8Phase 1/2
DacarbazinePhase 1/2
EndostatinPhase 1/2
EpirubicinPhase 1/2
FamitinibStem cell growth factor receptor inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1…Phase 1/2
FigitumumabInsulin-like growth factor I receptor antagonistPhase 1/2
Show all 20
HydroxychloroquineToll-like receptor 7 antagonist; Toll-like receptor 9 antagonistPhase 1/2
IrinotecanDNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 1/2
NatalizumabIntegrin alpha-4/beta-7 inhibitor; Integrin alpha-4/beta-1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
PepinemabSemaphorin-4D inhibitorPhase 1/2
Radium Ra 223 DichloridePhase 1/2
SocazolimabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 inhibitorPhase 1/2
TegavivintPhase 1/2
Trastuzumab DeruxtecanReceptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 binding agent; DNA topoisomerase I inhibitorPhase 1/2
TroculeucelPhase 1/2
VactosertibTGF-beta receptor type I inhibitorPhase 1/2
AzacitidineDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A inhibitor; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 inh…Phase 1
AzenosertibSerine/threonine-protein kinase WEE1 inhibitorPhase 1
CatequentinibVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor; Vascular endothelial growth fact…Phase 1
DecitabineDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A inhibitor; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 inh…Phase 1
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Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Disulfiram With Copper Gluconate and Liposomal Doxorubicin in Treatment-Refractory SarcomasNCT05210374 · Phase 1 · 📍 ClevelandAlpha/Beta CD19+ Depleted Haploidentical Transplantation + Zometa for Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies and …NCT02508038 · Phase 1 · 📍 MadisonDFMO Maintenance for Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Ewing Sarcoma or OsteosarcomaNCT06892678 · Phase 1, Phase 2 · 📍 The BronxA Phase 2 Trial of Zanzalintinib in Advanced/Metastatic Bone Sarcomas (ZAMBONE)NCT07193550 · Phase 2 · 📍 HoustonTargeted Oligometastatic Radiation in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients With Soft Tissue and Bone SarcomaNCT06796543 · NA · 📍 Washington D.C.Observational Study in Localized OsteosarcomaNCT04890067 · n/a · 📍 AvianoHypofractionated Radiation in Combination With B7-H3-CAR T Cells for Pediatric Patients With Relapsed/Refract…NCT07222735 · Phase 1 · 📍 MemphisSTART: Safety and Anti-Tumor Activity of PeptiCRAd-1 in Treatment of CancerNCT05492682 · Phase 1 · 📍 FrankfurtAnalysis of the Toxicity and Efficacy of Daily 1 vs 2 Beam Proton TherapyNCT06029218 · NA · 📍 NiceARTEMIS-002: HS-20093 in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Osteosarcoma and Other SarcomasNCT05830123 · Phase 2 · 📍 BeijingTegavivint With Gemcitabine in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory OsteosarcomaNCT07144254 · Phase 1 · 📍 AtlantaAbemaciclib for Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma With Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK) Pathway AlterationNCT04040205 · Phase 2 · 📍 Jacksonville Search more trials →
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