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๐Ÿ“ฐ Latest breakthroughs
๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ Disease Atlas ยท Endocrine system disorder

testicular germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor arising from the testis. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.

๐Ÿ”” Follow weekly
๐Ÿงฌ2808genes / proteins with evidence
๐Ÿ’Š11drugs and clinical candidates
๐Ÿงช12+recruiting trials worldwide
โœ…11phase 2
๐Ÿงฌ

Understand testicular germ cell tumor

Cancer ยท Cells that grow out of control
๐ŸŽ“ Learn more

What it is

Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the tissues of one or both testicles. The testicles, or testes, are part of the male reproductive system. They make male hormones and sperm. They are two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum, a sac of loose skin that lies below the penis. You can get cancer in one or both testicles.

Who is most likely to develop testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer is very rare. You can get it at any age, but it is most common in men between the ages of 20 and 39. It is also more common in those who:

From MedlinePlus: Testicular Cancer (US National Library of Medicine) โ†—

๐Ÿงฌ Cancer: Cancer is a group of diseases in which some of the body's cells grow and divide without control, and can spread to other parts of the body.

โ“ Why it happens

  • Changes (mutations) build up in the genes that tell a cell when to grow, divide and die.
  • Most of these changes happen during life: tobacco, too much sun, alcohol, some infections (such as HPV and hepatitis B and C), radiation, obesity and ageing all raise the risk.
  • Some people inherit a faulty gene that raises their risk, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

๐Ÿซ€ What it does to the body

  • Cancer cells form a lump (tumour) that can press on or invade nearby organs.
  • They can travel through the blood or lymph to start new tumours elsewhere (metastasis).
  • Blood cancers crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

๐Ÿงฑ Why it is hard to cure

  • Every cancer is different, even between two people with the same type - and inside one tumour.
  • Cancer cells keep changing, so they can learn to resist a medicine that worked at first.
  • Cancer cells are the body's own cells, so killing them without harming healthy cells is hard.
  • Many cancers cause no symptoms until they have spread, and a new medicine often takes more than ten years to go from the lab to patients.

๐Ÿš€ What research is trying now

  • Targeted medicines against the exact gene change in a tumour (for example EGFR, ALK or KRAS).
  • Immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognise cancer, including CAR-T cell therapy.
  • Personalised cancer vaccines built from each tumour's mutations, now in late trials.
  • Blood tests that look for tumour DNA to find cancer earlier, and AI to read scans and slides.

General information about cancer, reviewed by people; it does not describe any one person. Below: the evidence for testicular germ cell tumor itself.

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AI briefing

Where the science on testicular germ cell tumor stands, from the evidence on this page

AI reads the targets, drugs, trials and papers below and writes where the science stands โ€” every claim cited. It is shared with everyone who opens testicular germ cell tumor.

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Top targets

Genes and proteins ranked by Open Targets evidence (0-1)
FGFR3 fibroblast growth factor receptor 3PROTACantibodyothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.68
STK11 serine/threonine kinase 11PROTACsmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.64
KIT KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.63
DMRT1 doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1PROTAC๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.51
BCL10 BCL10 immune signaling adaptorPROTAC๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.51
KRAS KRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.50
KITLG KIT ligandPROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.49
NRAS NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.44
DAZL deleted in azoospermia likePROTAC๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.43
TP53 tumor protein p53PROTACothersmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.41
HRAS HRas proto-oncogene, GTPasePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.40
BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinasePROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.40
LRP1B LDL receptor related protein 1BPROTACantibody๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.39
APC APC regulator of Wnt signaling pathwayPROTACantibodysmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.39
ATM ATM serine/threonine kinasePROTACsmall molecule๐ŸงŠ AlphaFold structure โ†— 0.39

Green labels: what the target is known to be druggable by. The score combines genetics, somatic mutations, drugs, expression and literature.

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Drugs and candidates

Every medicine linked to testicular germ cell tumor, by how far it has got
In phase 2 / 3 ยท 11
AvelumabProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 1 otherPhase 2
CarboplatinPhase 2
Enfortumab VedotinNectin-4 binding agent; Tubulin inhibitorPhase 2
EpirubicinPhase 2
EtoposideDNA topoisomerase II inhibitorPhase 2
GemcitabineRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 inhibitor; DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) โ€ฆPhase 2
Show all 11
IfosfamidePhase 2
PaclitaxelTubulin inhibitorPhase 2
PembrolizumabProgrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitorPhase 2
ThiotepaPhase 2
VeliparibPARP 1, 2 and 3 inhibitorPhase 2
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Recruiting trials

Worldwide, open to new patients now
Paclitaxel-Bleomycin/Etoposide/Cisplatin vs Bleomycin/Etoposide/Cisplatin in Poor-prognosis Non-seminomatous โ€ฆNCT07847190 ยท Phase 2 ยท ๐Ÿ“ MoscowIMmune checkPoint Inhibitor Related gonAdal toxiCiTy in Premenopausal Women and Men With MelanomaNCT07138222 ยท n/a ยท ๐Ÿ“ SydneyFollow-up After Surgery for Testicular CancerNCT05670938 ยท n/a ยท ๐Ÿ“ RotterdamEnfortumab Vedotin With or Without Pembrolizumab in Rare Genitourinary Tumors (E-VIRTUE)NCT06041503 ยท Phase 2 ยท ๐Ÿ“ BethesdaIntegrated Cancer Repository for Cancer ResearchNCT02012699 ยท n/a ยท ๐Ÿ“ Greenwood VillagePhase 1, Safety and Tolerability Study of XmAb541 in Advanced Solid TumorsNCT06276491 ยท Phase 1 ยท ๐Ÿ“ DuarteMAGESTIC Trial: MiRNA in Detecting Active Germ Cell Tumors in Early Suspected and MetastaTIC Disease TrialNCT06060873 ยท n/a ยท ๐Ÿ“ BirminghamA Study of GV20-0251 in Advanced or Refractory Solid TumorsNCT07106827 ยท Phase 1 ยท ๐Ÿ“ ChengduActive Surveillance, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin in Treating Pediatric and Adult Patients โ€ฆNCT03067181 ยท Phase 3 ยท ๐Ÿ“ BirminghamPatient Reported Experiences With Sparing External Oblique Fascia Vs Standard Inguinal OrchiectomyNCT06828185 ยท NA ยท ๐Ÿ“ Loma LindaGerm Cell Tumor and Testicular Tumor DNA RegistryNCT02099734 ยท n/a ยท ๐Ÿ“ Basking RidgeAt-Home Cancer Directed Therapy Versus in Clinic for the Treatment of Patients With Advanced CancerNCT05969860 ยท Phase 2 ยท ๐Ÿ“ Jacksonville Search more trials โ†’
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